The following article was published originally at msn.com: http://realestate.msn.com/article.aspx?cp-documentid=28110830&Gt1=35010
Is it curtains for the 30-year mortgage?
If the government stops subsidizing mortgages
for the middle class, home loans could look a lot more like they do in other
countries. That could mean the nation’s favored mortgage could nearly
disappear.
By Marilyn Lewis of MSN
Real Estate

is social
After more than
40 years of subsidizing and boosting homeownership, the federal government is
talking about backing away. The Obama administration wants to eliminate federal
guarantees for home loans for all but creditworthy buyers “with modest incomes”
who otherwise could not get a mortgage from a private lender, according to a report that the administration gave to Congress
in February (PDF).
Change like that could make buying a
mortgage more expensive. Americans’ favorite home loan, the 30-year, fixed-rate
mortgage, would lose ground against other mortgage types.
There’s even talk that the popular 30-year
loan could become extinct, though that’s unlikely.
“There would
definitely be fewer 30-year mortgages, but they would not disappear,” says Dean Baker, co-director of the Center for Economic and
Policy Research in Washington, D.C. He wrote the books “Taking Economics Seriously” and “False Profits: Recovering from the Bubble
Economy.”
It’s all talk, at this point, about how to
shrink, change or eliminate Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the two huge,
government-run corporations that have kept costs low for middle-class homeowners
by guaranteeing home loans.
Massive defaults by homeowners, along with
management and accounting scandals at Fannie and Freddie, are costing taxpayers
hundreds of billions of dollars. Even political rivals agree it’s time for a new
approach.
The debate among regulators, economists,
politicians, consumer advocates and lobbyists could continue for years before
Congress passes a plan, experts say. After that, any changes would be phased in
slowly over many more years.
Read: Why Fannie and
Freddie may never die
Meanwhile, homeowners may wonder how this
change could affect mortgages today and in the long term.
What’s happening to 30-year mortgages?
Today, 80% of all mortgages are 30-year, fixed-rate,
“conventional” loans, Freddie Mac says. “Conventional” means Fannie and Freddie
can guarantee them, as long as they’re below a maximum amount, so they’re
cheaper. By spreading lower payments over decades, conventional loans more
expensive in the long run, but they’ve allowed many people to buy a home.
At the tail end of the housing boom in
2008, the conventional loan’s market share dropped as low as 67%. But at least
80% to 90% of all mortgages since 1990 have been conventional, Freddie Mac
says.
But if the government eliminates the
guarantee for conventional mortgages, buyers might look at other loan types.
“Without the
guarantee, I think long-term, fixed-rate mortgages will still exist, but they’ll
be higher priced, and there’d be less of them,” says Michael Lea, director of The Corky McMillin Center for Real
Estate at San Diego State University. “You wouldn’t see 90%, but you’d see maybe
30%.”
- MSN Money: 3 mortgage refinancing nightmares
Mortgages haven’t always been cheap and
easy. Look at the 1920s.
“It was a
prosperous period, but if you wanted a mortgage loan, you put 40% down and got
an interest-only loan for 10 years. And then you refinanced it,” says mortgage
expert Jack Guttentag, author of “Mortgage Encyclopedia: An Authoritative Guide to
Mortgage Programs, Practices, Prices and Pitfalls” and of the Mortgage
Professor educational website for consumers.
Read: 4 mortgage
alternatives
In most other countries — where governments
don’t subsidize mortgages or where they do it differently than we do here — the
30-year mortgage is a rare bird. In Denmark, the exception, it comprises about
half of all home loans.
“You don’t need 30-year mortgages to have
high rates of homeownership,” Baker says. In the U.S., homeownership is 66.5%,
down from a high of 69.2% in 2004, the Census Bureau says. But other countries
do as well or better with different financing systems and different loan types,
and many suffered less during the housing crash.
Lea cites these 2008 homeownership rates,
for example:
- Ireland: 74.5%
- Australia and the United Kingdom: 70%
- Canada: 68.4%
- Japan: 61%
Emerging markets often have even higher
rates of homeownership because they don’t have well-developed rental markets,
Lea says.
Mortgages around the world
Lea studies mortgages globally; for more, read his report “Alternative Forms of Mortgage Finance: What Can We Learn from Other Countries?” (PDF). In the U.S., he
says, the most-common mortgages are:
- Long-term, fixed-rate mortgages: These comprise about
90% of all mortgages, Lea says. Some are 15-year loans, and most are 30-year
mortgages. - Hybrid adjustable-rate mortgages: These ARMs are
roughly 5% to 8% of all loans. They have initial fixed-rate periods, followed by
adjustable rates that reset regularly, usually annually. The most popular are
5/1 ARMs — 5/1 means five years at a fixed rate followed by yearly interest-rate
adjustments — then 3/1, 7/1 and 10/1 ARMs. - Short-term ARMs: Roughly 1% to 2% of the market, these
ARMs have no fixed-rate period and have one- to five-year terms.
But if conditions change, our mix could
change. For a few examples, look at these countries:
Canada, Germany and the Netherlands: In
these countries, rollover mortgages are popular. A rollover loan
essentially requires the borrower to renew the mortgage at market interest rates
at regular intervals, such as every five or 10 years. You can also refinance
using another lender, but prepayment penalties are the rule, at least during the
fixed-rate period. Throughout Europe, adjustable-rate loans are popular because
their interest rates are considerably lower than fixed-rate loans. Also, hybrid
mortgages play a larger role.
Many Dutch mortgages also are
interest-only, which means you only pay interest for the life of the loan, which
leaves the balance unchanged and ownership in the lender’s hands. If never
actually gaining an ownership share of your home sounds crazy, consider that
these products are popular because tax benefits encourage them.
Spain: Spanish mortgages often are part fixed-rate and
part variable-rate. You can take out two notes secured by one property. Unlike
our first and second mortgages, these are two pieces of a first mortgage. One is
at an adjustable rate and one a fixed rate.
Japan: About half of Japanese mortgages are
“convertible”: After a fixed period, the borrower chooses between an adjustable
interest rate and another fixed-rate period.
Most of these
loan products are available in the U.S., says Mark A. Calabria, director of financial-regulation studies
at the Cato Institute.
“We think about the 30-year fixed, but
there are a tremendous number of options,” he says.
You don’t hear much about these loan
options because they can’t compete in cost with government-subsidized,
long-term, fixed-rate mortgages. But if those disappeared, borrowers who need
low monthly payments might find the prices on five- or 10-year loans with
adjustable interest rates more appealing. Today’s borrower also is more mobile
and more financially astute than in the Great Depression, when the government
started supporting the home-loan market to help consumers, Calabria says.
calculator
Under the right circumstances,
Canadian-style rollovers and shorter-term ARMs and hybrids that convert from
fixed to variable might gain popularity.
“The typical amount of time people stay in
a house is about 10 years,” Calabria says. “The typical life of a mortgage is
five years. The question is, do rates have to be fixed for 30 years when the
average person keeps the loan only an average of five (years)? That makes no
sense in this day and age.”
Hybrid ARMs got a bad name because they
were coupled with some of the worst abuses and risky products that subprime
lenders pushed in the real-estate bubble. But no one’s predicting a return — at
least any time soon — of fraud-prone features such as exploding interest rates
and loans requiring no documents, no down payments and no proof of a borrower’s
assets.
Prices going up
Meanwhile,
Americans who still want the low-payment, predictable, 30-year-fixed mortgage
undoubtedly could get it even if government support dissolves. It’ll just cost
more.
How much more?
No one knows for sure. In Christian Science Monitor report, Bill
Gross, a bond-fund investor who co-founded PIMCO and is a critic of the Obama
plan, says that without government guarantees, homebuyers could pay 3 percentage
points more on interest rates. That means a 4.9% rate today would be 7.9%.
Others point to jumbo loans — mortgages
larger than the government will guarantee — which, because of higher interest
rates, are more expensive than conventional loans but by far less than 3%. It’s
not a perfect comparison because jumbo customers are typically wealthier and pay
a smaller premium for risk than a middle-class homeowner might. But Baker says
the example could comfort some buyers.
“We have long had jumbo mortgages, with
typically just a spread of 25 (to) 30 basis points with conformable mortgages,”
says Baker, who also says he thinks rates would increase by 30 to 40 basis
points if conventional mortgages disappear.
A basis point is 0.01 of 1%. Twenty basis
points would raise a 5% rate to 5.2%, increasing your monthly payment on a
$200,000 mortgage from about $1,073 to $1,098.
Calabria says he thinks rates could rise
between 20 basis points and a full percentage point if government pulled
out.
Adding a full
percentage point to your mortgage cost would raise the interest rate to 6%,
making the monthly payment nearly $1,200. (Do your own planning with MSN Real Estate’s home-affordability calculator.)
Not everyone expects substantial change,
however.
“I don’t think we’re going to see new
kinds of products,” Guttentag says. “There’s nothing abroad in the form of
mortgage products that is novel or attractive to us now.
“What’s going to happen is an extension of
what’s already happened: Down-payment requirements are up, credit restrictions
are up, appraisal requirements are tougher (and) documentation requirements have
increased enormously.”
If federal support for middle-class
mortgages dissolves, Guttentag says he expects two or more tiers of mortgages to
emerge. Cautious lenders may charge borrowers more for the degree of risk their
credit profiles suggest, so you’d see a wider range of prices for borrowers.
Short-term outlook
Regardless of
what policy-makers decide to do with Fannie and Freddie, expect no radical
changes in the near future.
For the next three to five years, getting
a mortgage will be much like today, experts say. The 30-year, fixed-rate
mortgage will continue as the nation’s favored home loan. Lenders will keep
demanding down payments of 20% or more, plus lots of documents and details about
every aspect of your financial life.
“Now the general philosophy and fear in
the market is that we’re going to get more declines in home prices,” Guttentag
says, “and the only way to protect yourself is to require more (for) down
payments and higher FICO scores.”
Borrowers and loans that don’t fit
lenders’ standards will face rejection. Home-equity loans and mortgages for
second homes and investment homes will continue to be scarce.
“This has particularly hurt self-employed
borrowers,” Guttentag says. “I get messages from people with 30% down, FICO
scores of 800 and income well in excess of guidelines who can’t get a loan
because their income can’t be adequately documented.”
The one big difference is that costs will
keep growing in the next few years. Lenders will pass along higher fees from
Fannie and Freddie, called “loan-level price adjustments,” based on your credit
score and loan-to-value ratio. Interest rates are going up — by a percentage
point or more, Calabria says —and are unlikely to drop. Many experts also expect
inflation to pick up.
Any withdrawal of government support for
middle-class mortgages, however, remains years away. But the chance is real that
change could come to the American mortgage market.







